java.lang.Object
- gov.nih.mipav.util.DoubleDouble

All Implemented Interfaces:

java.io.Serializable, java.lang.Cloneable, java.lang.Comparable
```
public class DoubleDouble
extends java.lang.Object
implements java.io.Serializable, java.lang.Comparable, java.lang.Cloneable
```
Immutable, extended-precision floating-point numbers which maintain 106 bits (approximately 30 decimal digits) of precision.
A DoubleDouble uses a representation containing two double-precision values. A number x is represented as a pair of doubles, x.hi and x.lo, such that the number represented by x is x.hi + x.lo, where
```
    |x.lo| <= 0.5*ulp(x.hi)
 
```
and ulp(y) means "unit in the last place of y". The basic arithmetic operations are implemented using convenient properties of IEEE-754 floating-point arithmetic.
The range of values which can be represented is the same as in IEEE-754. The precision of the representable numbers is twice as great as IEEE-754 double precision.
The correctness of the arithmetic algorithms relies on operations being performed with standard IEEE-754 double precision and rounding. This is the Java standard arithmetic model, but for performance reasons Java implementations are not constrained to using this standard by default. Some processors (notably the Intel Pentium architecure) perform floating point operations in (non-IEEE-754-standard) extended-precision. A JVM implementation may choose to use the non-standard extended-precision as its default arithmetic mode. To prevent this from happening, this code uses the Java strictfp modifier, which forces all operations to take place in the standard IEEE-754 rounding model.
The API provides a value-oriented interface. DoubleDouble values are immutable; operations on them return new objects carrying the result of the operation. This provides a much simpler semantics for writing DoubleDouble expressions, and Java memory management is efficient enough that this imposes very little performance penalty.
This implementation uses algorithms originally designed variously by Knuth, Kahan, Dekker, and Linnainmaa. Douglas Priest developed the first C implementation of these techniques. Other more recent C++ implementation are due to Keith M. Briggs and David Bailey et al.
References
- Priest, D., Algorithms for Arbitrary Precision Floating Point Arithmetic, in P. Kornerup and D. Matula, Eds., Proc. 10th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, Calif., 1991.
- Yozo Hida, Xiaoye S. Li and David H. Bailey, Quad-Double Arithmetic: Algorithms, Implementation, and Application, manuscript, Oct 2000; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report BNL-46996.
- David Bailey, High Precision Software Directory; http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/mpdist/index.html
This class is based on the DoubleDouble created by Martin Davis and distributed under the following license:
```
 Copyright (c) 2008-2012 Martin Davis. All Rights Reserved.
 
 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
 following conditions are met:
 
 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 disclaimer.
 
 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
 following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
 prior written permission.
 
 THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Martin Davis "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
```
Author:

Martin Davis

See Also:

Serialized Form

Field Summary

Fields
Modifier and Type	Field	Description
`static DoubleDouble`	`E`	The value nearest to the constant e (the natural logarithm base).
`static double`	`EPS`	The smallest representable relative difference between two {link @ DoubleDouble} values
`double`	`hi`	The high-order component of the double-double precision value.
`double`	`lo`	The low-order component of the double-double precision value.
`private static int`	`MAX_PRINT_DIGITS`
`static DoubleDouble`	`NaN`	A value representing the result of an operation which does not return a valid number.
`static DoubleDouble`	`NEGATIVE_INFINITY`
`private static DoubleDouble`	`ONE`
`static DoubleDouble`	`PI`	The value nearest to the constant Pi.
`static DoubleDouble`	`PI_2`	The value nearest to the constant Pi / 2.
`static DoubleDouble`	`POSITIVE_INFINITY`
`private static java.lang.String`	`SCI_NOT_EXPONENT_CHAR`
`private static java.lang.String`	`SCI_NOT_ZERO`
`private static double`	`SPLIT`	The value to split a double-precision value on during multiplication
`private static DoubleDouble`	`TEN`
`static DoubleDouble`	`TWO_PI`	The value nearest to the constant 2 * Pi.

Constructor Summary

Constructors
Constructor	Description
`DoubleDouble()`	Creates a new DoubleDouble with value 0.0.
`DoubleDouble(double x)`	Creates a new DoubleDouble with value x.
`DoubleDouble(double hi, double lo)`	Creates a new DoubleDouble with value (hi, lo).
`DoubleDouble(DoubleDouble dd)`	Creates a new DoubleDouble with value equal to the argument.
`DoubleDouble(java.lang.String str)`	Creates a new DoubleDouble with value equal to the argument.

Method Summary

All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods
Modifier and Type	Method	Description
`DoubleDouble`	`abs()`	Returns the absolute value of this value.
`DoubleDouble`	`acos()`	For all -1 < x < 1, arccos(x) = PI/2 - arcsin(x)
`DoubleDouble`	`add(DoubleDouble y)`	Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is `(this + y)`.
`DoubleDouble`	`asin()`	For all -1 < x < 1, arcsin(x) = x + x*3/(23) + (1 * 3 * x*5)/(2 4 * 5) + (1 * 3 * 5 * x*7)/(2 4 * 6 * 7) + ...
`DoubleDouble`	`atan()`	For -1 < x < 1, arctan(x) = x - x3/3 + x5/5 - x**7/7 + ...
`DoubleDouble`	`atan2(DoubleDouble x)`	The atan of this(the imaginary y component) divided by the real component x Value will range from -PI to PI.
`DoubleDouble`	`BernoulliA(int n)`
`DoubleDouble`	`BernoulliB(int n)`
`DoubleDouble`	`ceil()`	Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) value that is not less than the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
`DoubleDouble`	`Ci()`
`void`	`cisia(DoubleDouble x, DoubleDouble Ci, DoubleDouble Si)`	This is a port of subroutine CISIA which computes cosine and sine integrals from Computation of Special Functions by Shanjie Zhang and Jianming Jin.
`java.lang.Object`	`clone()`	Creates and returns a copy of this value.
`int`	`compareTo(java.lang.Object o)`	Compares two DoubleDouble objects numerically.
`DoubleDouble`	`cos()`	For all real x, cos(x) = 1 - x**2/2!
`DoubleDouble`	`cosh()`	For all real x, cosh(x) = 1 + x**2/2!
`DoubleDouble`	`divide(DoubleDouble y)`	Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is `(this / y)`.
`double`	`doubleValue()`	Converts this value to the nearest double-precision number.
`java.lang.String`	`dump()`	Dumps the components of this number to a string.
`boolean`	`equals(DoubleDouble y)`	Tests whether this value is equal to another `DoubleDouble` value.
`DoubleDouble`	`erf()`
`DoubleDouble`	`exp()`	For all real, x exp(x) = 1 + x + x**2/2!
`private java.lang.String`	`extractSignificantDigits(boolean insertDecimalPoint, int[] magnitude)`	Extracts the significant digits in the decimal representation of the argument.
`DoubleDouble`	`factorial(int fac)`
`DoubleDouble`	`floor()`	Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) value that is not greater than the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
`boolean`	`ge(DoubleDouble y)`	Tests whether this value is greater than or equals to another `DoubleDouble` value.
`private java.lang.String`	`getSpecialNumberString()`	Returns the string for this value if it has a known representation.
`boolean`	`gt(DoubleDouble y)`	Tests whether this value is greater than another `DoubleDouble` value.
`private void`	`init(double x)`
`private void`	`init(double hi, double lo)`
`private void`	`init(DoubleDouble dd)`
`int`	`intValue()`	Converts this value to the nearest integer.
`boolean`	`isInfinite()`
`boolean`	`isNaN()`	Tests whether this value is NaN.
`boolean`	`isNegative()`	Tests whether this value is less than 0.
`boolean`	`isNegativeFinite()`
`boolean`	`isNegativeInfinity()`
`boolean`	`isPositive()`	Tests whether this value is greater than 0.
`boolean`	`isPositiveFinite()`
`boolean`	`isPositiveInfinity()`
`boolean`	`isZero()`	Tests whether this value is equal to 0.
`boolean`	`le(DoubleDouble y)`	Tests whether this value is less than or equal to another `DoubleDouble` value.
`DoubleDouble`	`log()`	For x > 0, ratio = (x-1)/(x+1), log(x) = 2(ratio + ratio3/3 + ratio5/5 + ...)
`boolean`	`lt(DoubleDouble y)`	Tests whether this value is less than another `DoubleDouble` value.
`private static int`	`magnitude(double x)`	Determines the decimal magnitude of a number.
`DoubleDouble`	`max(DoubleDouble x)`
`DoubleDouble`	`min(DoubleDouble x)`
`DoubleDouble`	`mod(DoubleDouble x)`
`DoubleDouble`	`multiply(DoubleDouble y)`	Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is `(this * y)`.
`boolean`	`ne(DoubleDouble y)`
`DoubleDouble`	`negate()`	Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is `-this`.
`static DoubleDouble`	`parse(java.lang.String str)`	Converts a string representation of a real number into a DoubleDouble value.
`DoubleDouble`	`pow(double x)`
`DoubleDouble`	`pow(int exp)`	Computes the value of this number raised to an integral power.
`DoubleDouble`	`pow(DoubleDouble x)`
`DoubleDouble`	`reciprocal()`	Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is `1 / this`.
`DoubleDouble`	`rint()`	Rounds this value to the nearest integer.
`private DoubleDouble`	`selfAdd(DoubleDouble y)`	Adds the argument to the value of `this`.
`private DoubleDouble`	`selfMultiply(DoubleDouble y)`	Multiplies this by the argument, returning this.
`DoubleDouble`	`Si()`
`int`	`signum()`	Returns an integer indicating the sign of this value.
`DoubleDouble`	`sin()`	For all real x, sin(x) = x - x**3/3!
`DoubleDouble`	`sinh()`	For all real x, sinh(x) = x + x**3/3!
`DoubleDouble`	`sqr()`	Computes the square of this value.
`DoubleDouble`	`sqrt()`	Computes the positive square root of this value.
`private static java.lang.String`	`stringOfChar(char ch, int len)`	Creates a string of a given length containing the given character
`DoubleDouble`	`subtract(DoubleDouble y)`	Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is `(this - y)`.
`DoubleDouble`	`tan()`	For -PI/2 < x < PI/2, tan(x) = x + (x*3)/3 + 2(x*5)/15 + 17(x*7)/315 + 62(x9)/2835 + ... + (2(2n))((2*(2n)) - 1)Bn(x*(2n-1))/((2*n)!)
`java.lang.String`	`toSciNotation()`	Returns the string representation of this value in scientific notation.
`java.lang.String`	`toStandardNotation()`	Returns the string representation of this value in standard notation.
`java.lang.String`	`toString()`	Returns a string representation of this number, in either standard or scientific notation.
`DoubleDouble`	`trunc()`	Returns the integer which is largest in absolute value and not further from zero than this value.
`static DoubleDouble`	`valueOf(double x)`	Converts the `double` argument to a DoubleDouble number.
`static DoubleDouble`	`valueOf(java.lang.String str)`	Converts the string argument to a DoubleDouble number.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

- Field Detail
  - PI
```
public static final DoubleDouble PI
```
    The value nearest to the constant Pi.
  - TWO_PI
```
public static final DoubleDouble TWO_PI
```
    The value nearest to the constant 2 * Pi.
  - PI_2
```
public static final DoubleDouble PI_2
```
    The value nearest to the constant Pi / 2.
  - E
```
public static final DoubleDouble E
```
    The value nearest to the constant e (the natural logarithm base).
  - NaN
```
public static final DoubleDouble NaN
```
    A value representing the result of an operation which does not return a valid number.
  - POSITIVE_INFINITY
```
public static final DoubleDouble POSITIVE_INFINITY
```
  - NEGATIVE_INFINITY
```
public static final DoubleDouble NEGATIVE_INFINITY
```
  - EPS
```
public static final double EPS
```
    The smallest representable relative difference between two {link @ DoubleDouble} values
    
    See Also:
    
    Constant Field Values
  - SPLIT
```
private static final double SPLIT
```
    The value to split a double-precision value on during multiplication
    
    See Also:
    
    Constant Field Values
  - hi
```
public double hi
```
    The high-order component of the double-double precision value.
  - lo
```
public double lo
```
    The low-order component of the double-double precision value.
  - MAX_PRINT_DIGITS
```
private static final int MAX_PRINT_DIGITS
```
    See Also:
    
    Constant Field Values
  - TEN
```
private static final DoubleDouble TEN
```
  - ONE
```
private static final DoubleDouble ONE
```
  - SCI_NOT_EXPONENT_CHAR
```
private static final java.lang.String SCI_NOT_EXPONENT_CHAR
```
    See Also:
    
    Constant Field Values
  - SCI_NOT_ZERO
```
private static final java.lang.String SCI_NOT_ZERO
```
    See Also:
    
    Constant Field Values
- Constructor Detail
  - DoubleDouble
```
public DoubleDouble()
```
    Creates a new DoubleDouble with value 0.0.
  - DoubleDouble
```
public DoubleDouble(double x)
```
    Creates a new DoubleDouble with value x.
    
    Parameters:
    
    x - the value to initialize
  - DoubleDouble
```
public DoubleDouble(double hi,
                    double lo)
```
    Creates a new DoubleDouble with value (hi, lo).
    
    Parameters:
    
    hi - the high-order component
    
    lo - the high-order component
  - DoubleDouble
```
public DoubleDouble(DoubleDouble dd)
```
    Creates a new DoubleDouble with value equal to the argument.
    
    Parameters:
    
    dd - the value to initialize
  - DoubleDouble
```
public DoubleDouble(java.lang.String str)
             throws java.lang.NumberFormatException
```
    Creates a new DoubleDouble with value equal to the argument.
    
    Parameters:
    
    str - the value to initialize by
    
    Throws:
    
    java.lang.NumberFormatException - if str is not a valid representation of a number
- Method Detail
  - valueOf
```
public static DoubleDouble valueOf(java.lang.String str)
                            throws java.lang.NumberFormatException
```
    Converts the string argument to a DoubleDouble number.
    
    Parameters:
    
    str - a string containing a representation of a numeric value
    
    Returns:
    
    the extended precision version of the value
    
    Throws:
    
    java.lang.NumberFormatException - if s is not a valid representation of a number
  - valueOf
```
public static DoubleDouble valueOf(double x)
```
    Converts the double argument to a DoubleDouble number.
    
    Parameters:
    
    x - a numeric value
    
    Returns:
    
    the extended precision version of the value
  - clone
```
public java.lang.Object clone()
```
    Creates and returns a copy of this value.
    
    Overrides:
    
    clone in class java.lang.Object
    
    Returns:
    
    a copy of this value
  - init
```
private void init(double x)
```
  - init
```
private void init(double hi,
                  double lo)
```
  - init
```
private void init(DoubleDouble dd)
```
  - add
```
public DoubleDouble add(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is (this + y).
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - the addend
    
    Returns:
    
    (this + y)
  - selfAdd
```
private DoubleDouble selfAdd(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Adds the argument to the value of this. To prevent altering constants, this method must only be used on values known to be newly created.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - the addend
    
    Returns:
    
    this, with its value incremented by y
  - subtract
```
public DoubleDouble subtract(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is (this - y).
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - the subtrahend
    
    Returns:
    
    (this - y)
  - negate
```
public DoubleDouble negate()
```
    Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is -this.
    
    Returns:
    
    -this
  - multiply
```
public DoubleDouble multiply(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is (this * y).
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - the multiplicand
    
    Returns:
    
    (this * y)
  - selfMultiply
```
private DoubleDouble selfMultiply(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Multiplies this by the argument, returning this. To prevent altering constants, this method must only be used on values known to be newly created.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - a DoubleDouble value to multiply by
    
    Returns:
    
    this
  - divide
```
public DoubleDouble divide(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is (this / y).
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - the divisor
    
    Returns:
    
    (this / y)
  - reciprocal
```
public DoubleDouble reciprocal()
```
    Returns a DoubleDouble whose value is 1 / this.
    
    Returns:
    
    the reciprocal of this value
  - floor
```
public DoubleDouble floor()
```
    Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) value that is not greater than the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:
    
    If this value is NaN, returns NaN.
    Returns:
    
    the largest (closest to positive infinity) value that is not greater than the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
  - ceil
```
public DoubleDouble ceil()
```
    Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) value that is not less than the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:
    
    If this value is NaN, returns NaN.
    Returns:
    
    the smallest (closest to negative infinity) value that is not less than the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
  - signum
```
public int signum()
```
    Returns an integer indicating the sign of this value.
    
    if this value is > 0, returns 1
    if this value is < 0, returns -1
    if this value is = 0, returns 0
    if this value is NaN, returns 0
    Returns:
    
    an integer indicating the sign of this value
  - rint
```
public DoubleDouble rint()
```
    Rounds this value to the nearest integer. The value is rounded to an integer by adding 1/2 and taking the floor of the result. Special cases:
    
    If this value is NaN, returns NaN.
    Returns:
    
    this value rounded to the nearest integer
  - trunc
```
public DoubleDouble trunc()
```
    Returns the integer which is largest in absolute value and not further from zero than this value. Special cases:
    
    If this value is NaN, returns NaN.
    Returns:
    
    the integer which is largest in absolute value and not further from zero than this value
  - abs
```
public DoubleDouble abs()
```
    Returns the absolute value of this value. Special cases:
    
    If this value is NaN, it is returned.
    Returns:
    
    the absolute value of this value
  - sqr
```
public DoubleDouble sqr()
```
    Computes the square of this value.
    
    Returns:
    
    the square of this value.
  - sqrt
```
public DoubleDouble sqrt()
```
    Computes the positive square root of this value. If the number is NaN or negative, NaN is returned.
    
    Returns:
    
    the positive square root of this number. If the argument is NaN or less than zero, the result is NaN.
  - exp
```
public DoubleDouble exp()
```
    For all real, x exp(x) = 1 + x + x**2/2! + x**3/3! + x**4/4! + ...
    
    Returns:
  - log
```
public DoubleDouble log()
```
    For x > 0, ratio = (x-1)/(x+1), log(x) = 2(ratio + ratio**3/3 + ratio**5/5 + ...)
    
    Returns:
  - sinh
```
public DoubleDouble sinh()
```
    For all real x, sinh(x) = x + x**3/3! + x**5/5! + x**7/7! + ... + x**(2n+1)/(2n+1)! + ...
    
    Returns:
  - cosh
```
public DoubleDouble cosh()
```
    For all real x, cosh(x) = 1 + x**2/2! + x**4/4! + x**6/6! + ... + x**(2*n)/((2*n)!) + ...
    
    Returns:
  - sin
```
public DoubleDouble sin()
```
    For all real x, sin(x) = x - x**3/3! + x**5/5! - x**7/7! + ...
    
    Returns:
  - erf
```
public DoubleDouble erf()
```
  - cos
```
public DoubleDouble cos()
```
    For all real x, cos(x) = 1 - x**2/2! + x**4/4! - x**6/6! + ...
    
    Returns:
  - tan
```
public DoubleDouble tan()
```
    For -PI/2 < x < PI/2, tan(x) = x + (x**3)/3 + 2*(x**5)/15 + 17*(x**7)/315 + 62*(x**9)/2835 + ... + (2**(2*n))*((2**(2*n)) - 1)*Bn*(x**(2*n-1))/((2*n)!) + ...
    
    Returns:
  - asin
```
public DoubleDouble asin()
```
    For all -1 < x < 1, arcsin(x) = x + x**3/(2*3) + (1 * 3 * x**5)/(2 * 4 * 5) + (1 * 3 * 5 * x**7)/(2 * 4 * 6 * 7) + ...
    
    Returns:
  - acos
```
public DoubleDouble acos()
```
    For all -1 < x < 1, arccos(x) = PI/2 - arcsin(x)
    
    Returns:
  - atan2
```
public DoubleDouble atan2(DoubleDouble x)
```
    The atan of this(the imaginary y component) divided by the real component x Value will range from -PI to PI. Strays a bit from actual atan2 definition which recognizes positive zero and negative zero. Here both positive zero and negative zero are combined as zero.
    
    Parameters:
    
    x -
    
    Returns:
  - atan
```
public DoubleDouble atan()
```
    For -1 < x < 1, arctan(x) = x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + ... For x > 1, arctan(x) = PI/2 - 1/x + 1/(3*x**3) - 1/(5*x**5) +1/(7*x**7) - ... * For x < -1, arctan(x) = -PI/2 - 1/x + 1/(3*x**3) - 1/(5*x**5) +1/(7*x**7) - ...
    
    Returns:
  - BernoulliA
```
public DoubleDouble BernoulliA(int n)
```
  - BernoulliB
```
public DoubleDouble BernoulliB(int n)
```
  - Ci
```
public DoubleDouble Ci()
```
  - Si
```
public DoubleDouble Si()
```
  - cisia
```
public void cisia(DoubleDouble x,
                  DoubleDouble Ci,
                  DoubleDouble Si)
```
    This is a port of subroutine CISIA which computes cosine and sine integrals from Computation of Special Functions by Shanjie Zhang and Jianming Jin. Waiting for Professor Jin's reply. Dear Professor Jianming Jin: There is an error in subroutine CISIA in Computation of Special Functions. Under ELSE IF (x .LE. 32.0D0) THEN in the DO 25 K =M,1,-1 loop the values of BJ(1) thru BJ(M) are set. You then have the loop DO 30 K=2,M,2 30 XS=XS+2.0D0*BJ(K+1) so for M even the value of BJ(M+1) will be used, but the value of BJ(M+1) has not been set. Sincerely, William Gandler
  - factorial
```
public DoubleDouble factorial(int fac)
```
    Parameters:
    
    fac -
    
    Returns:
  - pow
```
public DoubleDouble pow(int exp)
```
    Computes the value of this number raised to an integral power. Follows semantics of Java Math.pow as closely as possible.
    
    Parameters:
    
    exp - the integer exponent
    
    Returns:
    
    x raised to the integral power exp
  - pow
```
public DoubleDouble pow(double x)
```
    Parameters:
    
    x - the double exponent
    
    Returns:
    
    a raised to the double power x For a > 0, base = x * log(a), a**x = 1 + base + base**2/2! + base**3/3! + ...
  - mod
```
public DoubleDouble mod(DoubleDouble x)
```
  - pow
```
public DoubleDouble pow(DoubleDouble x)
```
    Parameters:
    
    x - the DoubleDouble exponent
    
    Returns:
    
    a raised to the DoubleDouble power x For a > 0, base = x * log(a), a**x = 1 + base + base**2/2! + base**3/3! + ...
  - min
```
public DoubleDouble min(DoubleDouble x)
```
  - max
```
public DoubleDouble max(DoubleDouble x)
```
  - doubleValue
```
public double doubleValue()
```
    Converts this value to the nearest double-precision number.
    
    Returns:
    
    the nearest double-precision number to this value
  - intValue
```
public int intValue()
```
    Converts this value to the nearest integer.
    
    Returns:
    
    the nearest integer to this value
  - isPositiveFinite
```
public boolean isPositiveFinite()
```
  - isNegativeFinite
```
public boolean isNegativeFinite()
```
  - isPositiveInfinity
```
public boolean isPositiveInfinity()
```
  - isNegativeInfinity
```
public boolean isNegativeInfinity()
```
  - isZero
```
public boolean isZero()
```
    Tests whether this value is equal to 0.
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value is equal to 0
  - isNegative
```
public boolean isNegative()
```
    Tests whether this value is less than 0.
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value is less than 0
  - isPositive
```
public boolean isPositive()
```
    Tests whether this value is greater than 0.
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value is greater than 0
  - isNaN
```
public boolean isNaN()
```
    Tests whether this value is NaN.
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value is NaN
  - isInfinite
```
public boolean isInfinite()
```
  - equals
```
public boolean equals(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Tests whether this value is equal to another DoubleDouble value.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - a DoubleDouble value
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value = y
  - ne
```
public boolean ne(DoubleDouble y)
```
  - gt
```
public boolean gt(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Tests whether this value is greater than another DoubleDouble value.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - a DoubleDouble value
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value > y
  - ge
```
public boolean ge(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Tests whether this value is greater than or equals to another DoubleDouble value.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - a DoubleDouble value
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value >= y
  - lt
```
public boolean lt(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Tests whether this value is less than another DoubleDouble value.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - a DoubleDouble value
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value < y
  - le
```
public boolean le(DoubleDouble y)
```
    Tests whether this value is less than or equal to another DoubleDouble value.
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - a DoubleDouble value
    
    Returns:
    
    true if this value <= y
  - compareTo
```
public int compareTo(java.lang.Object o)
```
    Compares two DoubleDouble objects numerically.
    
    Specified by:
    
    compareTo in interface java.lang.Comparable
    
    Returns:
    
    -1,0 or 1 depending on whether this value is less than, equal to or greater than the value of o
  - dump
```
public java.lang.String dump()
```
    Dumps the components of this number to a string.
    
    Returns:
    
    a string showing the components of the number
  - toString
```
public java.lang.String toString()
```
    Returns a string representation of this number, in either standard or scientific notation. If the magnitude of the number is in the range [ 10^-3, 10⁸ ] standard notation will be used. Otherwise, scientific notation will be used.
    
    Overrides:
    
    toString in class java.lang.Object
    
    Returns:
    
    a string representation of this number
  - toStandardNotation
```
public java.lang.String toStandardNotation()
```
    Returns the string representation of this value in standard notation.
    
    Returns:
    
    the string representation in standard notation
  - toSciNotation
```
public java.lang.String toSciNotation()
```
    Returns the string representation of this value in scientific notation.
    
    Returns:
    
    the string representation in scientific notation
  - extractSignificantDigits
```
private java.lang.String extractSignificantDigits(boolean insertDecimalPoint,
                                                  int[] magnitude)
```
    Extracts the significant digits in the decimal representation of the argument. A decimal point may be optionally inserted in the string of digits (as long as its position lies within the extracted digits - if not, the caller must prepend or append the appropriate zeroes and decimal point).
    
    Parameters:
    
    y - the number to extract ( >= 0)
    
    decimalPointPos - the position in which to insert a decimal point
    
    Returns:
    
    the string containing the significant digits and possibly a decimal point
  - stringOfChar
```
private static java.lang.String stringOfChar(char ch,
                                             int len)
```
    Creates a string of a given length containing the given character
    
    Parameters:
    
    ch - the character to be repeated
    
    len - the len of the desired string
    
    Returns:
    
    the string
  - getSpecialNumberString
```
private java.lang.String getSpecialNumberString()
```
    Returns the string for this value if it has a known representation. (E.g. NaN or 0.0)
    
    Returns:
    
    the string for this special number
  - magnitude
```
private static int magnitude(double x)
```
    Determines the decimal magnitude of a number. The magnitude is the exponent of the greatest power of 10 which is less than or equal to the number.
    
    Parameters:
    
    x - the number to find the magnitude of
    
    Returns:
    
    the decimal magnitude of x
  - parse
```
public static DoubleDouble parse(java.lang.String str)
                          throws java.lang.NumberFormatException
```
    Converts a string representation of a real number into a DoubleDouble value. The format accepted is similar to the standard Java real number syntax. It is defined by the following regular expression:
    [+|-] {digit} [ . {digit} ] [ ( e | E ) [+|-] {digit}+
    Parameters:
    
    str - the string to parse
    
    Returns:
    
    the value of the parsed number
    
    Throws:
    
    java.lang.NumberFormatException - if str is not a valid representation of a number

Class DoubleDouble

References

Field Summary

Constructor Summary

Method Summary

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

Field Detail

PI

TWO_PI

PI_2

E

NaN

POSITIVE_INFINITY

NEGATIVE_INFINITY

EPS

SPLIT

hi

lo

MAX_PRINT_DIGITS

TEN

ONE

SCI_NOT_EXPONENT_CHAR

SCI_NOT_ZERO

Constructor Detail

DoubleDouble

DoubleDouble

DoubleDouble

DoubleDouble

DoubleDouble

Method Detail

valueOf

valueOf

clone

init

init

init

add

selfAdd

subtract

negate

multiply

selfMultiply

divide

reciprocal

floor

ceil

signum

rint

trunc

abs

sqr

sqrt

exp

log

sinh

cosh

sin

erf

cos

tan

asin

acos

atan2

atan

BernoulliA

BernoulliB

Ci

Si

cisia

factorial

pow

pow

mod

pow

min

max

doubleValue

intValue

isPositiveFinite

isNegativeFinite